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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blutpuffer</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Als <b>Blutpuffer</b> wird das komplexe <a href="Puffer_(Chemie)" title="Puffer (Chemie)">Puffersystem</a> des <a href="Blut" title="Blut">Blutes</a> bezeichnet, das den <a href="PH-Wert" title="PH-Wert">pH-Wert</a> des Blutes in engen Grenzen abpuffert. Es ist Teil des <a href="S%C3%A4ure-Basen-Haushalt" title="Säure-Basen-Haushalt">Säure-Basen-Haushalts</a>. Die pH-Konstanz im Blut ist lebensnotwendig für alle Organismen mit Blutkreislauf. Der eingestellte pH-Wert liegt bei Säugetieren im Schnitt bei 7,4<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beim Menschen liegt der pH-Wert im Bereich 7,35–7,45. Liegt der pH-Wert tiefer, so spricht man von einer <a href="Azidose" title="Azidose">Azidose</a>, liegt er höher, von einer <a href="Alkalose" title="Alkalose">Alkalose</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Puffersysteme_im_Blut">Puffersysteme im Blut</h2></div>
<p>Der Blutpuffer entsteht durch das Zusammenwirken von vier Puffersystemen im Blut<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Die vier Blutpuffer bei Säugetieren in absteigender <a href="Pufferkapazit%C3%A4t" title="Pufferkapazität">Pufferkapazität</a> sind:
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<ul><li><a href="Kohlens%C3%A4ure-Bicarbonat-System" title="Kohlensäure-Bicarbonat-System">Kohlensäure-Bicarbonat-System</a> (<a href="Kohlens%C3%A4ure" title="Kohlensäure">Kohlensäure</a>-<a href="Hydrogencarbonate" title="Hydrogencarbonate">Hydrogencarbonat</a>-Puffer) (53 % der Gesamtpufferkapazität des Blutes, durch das Enzym <a href="%CE%91-Carboanhydrasen" title="Α-Carboanhydrasen">Carboanhydrase</a> katalysiert):</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}+2\ H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{2}CO_{3}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+HCO_{3}^{-}\ } }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}+2\ H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{2}CO_{3}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+HCO_{3}^{-}\ } }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7331ababa6475b6d5365b9b48b137cebd2d2244b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:54.341ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}+2\ H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{2}CO_{3}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+HCO_{3}^{-}\ } }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="H%C3%A4moglobin" title="Hämoglobin">Hämoglobin</a> (35 % der Gesamtpufferkapazität des Blutes): Im Sauerstoffkreislauf wirkt das Hämoglobin als Puffer:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hb\cdot H^{+}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+Hb} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hb\cdot H^{+}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+Hb} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a01cc9e7759fd425f8c23a66ab9bc92cb1c1bd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:32.182ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hb\cdot H^{+}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+Hb} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a>puffer (rund 7 % der Gesamtpufferkapazität des Blutes): Plasmaproteine (vor allem das <a href="Albumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumin">Albumin</a>) wirken wegen ihres <a href="Amphoter" title="Amphoter">amphoteren</a> Charakters als Puffer.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Phosphate" title="Phosphate">Phosphat</a>puffer (5 % der Gesamtpufferkapazität des Blutes, ist intrazellulär von großer Bedeutung):</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+HPO_{4}^{2-}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+HPO_{4}^{2-}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b641dd3a7e0ecc975ab87e2b47e971875bac4469.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.344ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+HPO_{4}^{2-}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winfried Ahne: <i>Zoologie: Lehrbuch für Studierende der Veterinärmedizin und Agrarwissenschaften</i>. Schattauer Verlag, 2000, ISBN 978-3-7945-1764-0, S. 137</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.T. Marshall: <i>Die Physiologie der Säugetiere und anderer Wirbeltiere: Ein Textbuch für Gymnasien und Hochschulen</i>. Birkhäuser-Verlag, reprint 2013, ISBN 978-3-0348-5964-6, S. 121f</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<p>Die Innere Medizin: Referenzwerk für den Facharzt, herausgegeben von Wolfgang Gerok, 11. Auflage, 2007, Schattauer Verlag GmbH, ISBN 978-3-7945-2222-4
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